![]() ![]() close parallels between the changes which took place in France around 1000 or 1050 and those which took place in Italy around 1100. ![]() They are superficially very different, one rural one urban, and also one whose analysts focus on the breakdown of political power and the other on its construction or reconstruction but there are. This article takes two major moments of social change in central medieval Europe, the ‘feudal revolution’ in France and the origins of Italian city communes, in order to see what they have in common. Set in broader perspective, this suggests that governmental development involved an intensification of existing structures of elite power, not a diminution. Instead, the evidence from royal acta in both kingdoms shows that aristocratic power was formalised at a central level, and then built into the forms of government which were emerging in very different ways in both kingdoms in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. This paper compares the changing conceptualisation of the relationship between royal and aristocratic power in the French and Scottish kingdoms to demonstrate, first, how narratives built at the periphery of Europe have important contributions and challenges to make to those formed from the core areas of Europe and, second, that state formation did not involve a decline in aristocratic power. While much research has shown that this conflict-driven narrative is problematic, it remains in our understanding as a rather shadowy but still powerful causal force of governmental development during this period. ![]() That is to say, the growth of public, institutional and/or bureaucratic central authorities involved the decline and/or exclusion of noble aristocratic power, which thus necessarily. Our understanding of the development of secular institutional governments in Europe during the central Middle Ages has long been shaped by an implicit or explicit opposition between royal and lay aristocratic power. Neuere Untersuchungen haben diese Auffassung allerdings erschüttert und inzwischen steht fest, dass uns die Quellen nicht den einen Europäischen Feudalismus zeigen, sondern eine Vielfalt regionaler Feudalismen mit ihren je eigenen Charakteristiken und Verlaufsformen, so dass generalisierende Aussagen in diesem Gebiet schwierig zu treffen sind. Die ältere rechtshistorische Forschung sah Feudalismus als eine Schöpfung der fränkischen Könige an, mit einem Höhepunkt im Hochmittelalter. Unter ungünstigen Umständen verstärkten die rechtlichen Regelungen ihrerseits den Konflikt, anstatt ihn zu lösen. Eine Person konnte gleichzeitig Lehnsherr in der einen Lehensbeziehung sein und Vasall in einer anderen. nur Hilfsmittel zur Erreichung ihrer Ziele. Sowohl Lehnsherren als auch Vasallen hatten ein weites Spektrum an Möglichkeiten zur friedlichen Streitbeilegung zur Verfügung, rechtliche Regeln waren dabei. Für die Konfliktlösung war Gewalt nur das letzte Mittel, auf das man zugriff, wenn rechtliche Optionen gescheitert waren. ![]() Der Beitrag sieht Feudalismus als Synonym für Feudalrecht und behandelt die Welt der Lehen, der Herren und Vasallen. ![]()
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